Is the Bible Trustworthy? – Part 2

Does History Support the Bible’s Account of Real People and Events? – Part 2

In Part 1, we asked whether the Bible can be trusted as a reliable source of truth. In this post, we begin examining that question through the lens of history. Does history support the Bible’s account of real people and events? While the Bible isn’t a modern history textbook, much of its narrative is grounded in specific times, places, and cultural contexts. If external evidence—like archaeology or ancient writings—confirms those details, it offers meaningful support for the Bible’s historical credibility.

As we continue exploring the question,“Is the Bible Trustworthy?”, this post focuses on a vital piece of the puzzle: Does the Bible’s history align with real-world historical evidence?

Its primary purpose isn’t to document history, yet the Bible consistently references people, places, and events that intersect with the historical record. That gives us a meaningful opportunity: We can test its historical credibility using archaeology and ancient records.

Historical corroboration doesn’t prove spiritual truth—but it does strengthen trust in the Bible’s overall reliability.

Let’s walk through the biblical timeline and explore how Scripture aligns with what archaeology and external sources reveal.

---

Biblical Old Testament: Historical Corroboration

The Old Testament was written between ~1200 BCE and ~200 BCE. Historical evidence becomes stronger as we move from early to later periods.

Noah and the Flood (Genesis 6–8)

Among the earliest events in the Bible, the flood story has no direct archaeological or textual confirmation. However, over 200 cultures worldwide have flood legends remarkably similar to the Genesis account—suggesting a shared memory of a catastrophic flood event.

• Key Points
  • No direct archaeological evidence of a global flood
  • 200+ cultures worldwide have flood legends similar to the Genesis account

Explore Noah and the Flood

• List of Flood Myths
• Flood Stories from Around the World
• Flood Legends Answers in Genesis
• World Flood Myths Ark Encounter
• Legends of the Flood

---

Patriarchal Period (~2000–1500 BCE)

Genesis 12–50 introduces Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jacob’s twelve sons—especially Joseph, who rises from slavery to become Egypt’s second-in-command. No direct evidence names these individuals, but archaeological and textual sources support the cultural context.

• Archaeology
  • Sites like Mari and Nuzi match Genesis-era customs (inheritance, adoption)
• External Texts
  • Mari tablets (~1800 BCE) reference names like “Abram” and trade routes through Canaan
• Context
  • Nomadic migrations reflect known Amorite movements, providing a plausible backdrop, though individual figures remain unconfirmed.

Explore the Patriarchal Period

• Biblical Archaeology Society
• Answers in Genesis

---

Exodus and Conquest (~1400–1200 BCE)

The books of Exodus through Deuteronomy narrate the Israelites’ enslavement in Egypt, liberation through Moses, and wilderness journey. Joshua describes the conquest of Canaan.

• Archaeology
  • Egyptian Tombs: Depict Semitic laborers making bricks (Exodus 5)
  • Pi-Ramesses: Matches the biblical city of Rameses (Exodus 1:11)
• External Texts
  • Papyrus Brooklyn: Lists Semitic slaves with names like “Menahem”
• Limited evidence for the conquest of Canaan; archaeology remains inconclusive, but ongoing

Explore the Exodus and Conquest

• Evidence of the Exodus Armstrong Institute Article
• A Reassessment of Scientific Evidence for the Exodus and Conquest
• Top Ten Discoveries Related to Moses and the Exodus
• Is there any evidence of the exodus?
• Top 10 Artifacts Show Biblical Exodus was Real History
• Papyrus Brooklyn 35.1446 Brooklyn Museum
• The Burning of Hazor – Archaeology Magazine

---

Judges Period (~1200–1000 BCE)

Described as a turbulent “Wild West” era, the Book of Judges depicts tribal leaders governing Israel. Archaeological evidence supports the period’s context.

• Archaeology
  • Merneptah Stele (~1208 BCE): First mention of “Israel” outside the Bible
  • Destruction layers: Hazor, Shechem, and Gibeah show signs of battles
  • Jerubbaal inscription: Possibly tied to Gideon
  • Changes like the Danite migration at Tel Dan and the arrival of the Philistines around 1200 BCE, seen in Egyptian reliefs, match the biblical narrative of tribal struggles.

Explore the Judges Period

• Top Ten Discoveries Related to the Book of Judges

---

United Monarchy (~1000–930 BCE)

The United Monarchy, under Saul, David, and Solomon, marks Israel’s unification, with Samuel as the last judge and Saul, the first king, anointed by Samuel, followed by David, and Solomon (who builds the first temple in Jerusalem).

• Archaeology
  • Tel Dan Stele: References the “House of David”
  • Stepped Stone Structure: Suggests centralized authority in Jerusalem
• External Texts
  • Mesha Stele: Describes Moabite conflict with Israel (2 Kings)
• Context
  • The 10th-century BCE emergence of regional kingdoms supports a Davidic state.

Explore United Monarchy

• Tel Dan Stele
• Hadashot Arkheologiyot
• Times of Israel Article on Tel ‘Eton

---

Divided Monarchy and Exile (~930–587 BCE)

After Solomon’s death, the kingdom splits into Israel (northern ten tribes) and Judah (southern two tribes) under Jeroboam and Rehoboam, respectively. Israel falls to Assyria in 722 BCE; Judah to Babylon in 587 BCE.

• Archaeology
  • Siloam Inscription: Confirms Hezekiah’s water tunnel (2 Kings 20:20)
  • Lachish reliefs: Show Assyrian siege of Judean cities
  • Babylonian ration tablets: Mention exiled King Jehoiachin (2 Kings 24)
• External Texts
  • Assyrian Annals mention kings Ahab and Jehu (c. 853 BCE, Black Obelisk)
  • Babylonian Chronicles detail Jerusalem’s fall (587 BCE)
• Context
  • Well-documented Assyrian and Babylonian dominance aligns with biblical accounts.

Explore Divided Monarchy and Exile

• Bible Archaeology 
• The Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser III
• Existence of David and Omri as Historical Figures
• Top Ten Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology
• Archaeological Evidence for the Kingdom of Judah

---

Post-Exilic Period (~539–200 BCE)

After the Babylonian exile, the Jews returned, rebuilt the temple, and faced new challenges under Persian and Greek rule.

• Archaeology
  • Persian-era Yehud coins and seals: Confirm Jewish presence after exile
  • Cyrus Cylinder: Aligns with Ezra 1 on repatriation policy
• External Texts
  • Josephus and Persian documents affirm key figures like Ezra and Nehemiah.

Explore the Post-Exilic Period

• Rare Artifacts Discovered from the Persian Period: Support Bible’s Ezra and Nehemiah
• Evidence for Jewish Return to Jerusalem During Ezra Period
• The Cyrus Cylinder

---

Biblical New Testament: Historical Corroboration

Written between 50–100 CE, the New Testament details Jesus’ life, the rise of Christianity, and early church history.

Life of Jesus (~4 BCE–30 CE)

The New Testament begins with four gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—each providing a distinct, firsthand account of Jesus’ life, teachings, and miracles. Jesus was a revered Jewish teacher who boldly proclaimed his identity as the Son of God. Though he was condemned to death under the Roman governor Pontius Pilate, his life, crucifixion, and the ensuing resurrection established the foundation for Christianity.

• Archaeology
  • Pilate Stone: Confirms the Roman governor Pontius Pilate
  • Caiaphas’ Ossuary: Matches the high priest mentioned in the Gospels
• External Texts
  • Tacitus, Josephus, and Suetonius: Reference Jesus and early Christians
• Context
  • Political unrest and messianic expectations in Roman Judea (e.g., Zealot activity) mirror Gospel settings.
  • The Dead Sea Scrolls show widespread anticipation of a messianic figure.

Explore the Life of Jesus

• Three Pieces of Evidence that Corroborate the Gospels
• Historical sources corroborate details in the Bible
• Was Jesus Real? (what ancient Roman historians had to say)
• Corroborating Historical Evidence of the New Testament

---

Early Christianity (~30–100 CE)

Christianity spreads through Paul’s missions and early churches.

• Archaeology
  • Erastus inscription (Romans 16:23): Confirms early Christian figures
  • Dura-Europos house churches: Show early Christian worship settings
• External Texts
  • Pliny the Younger: Describes Christian practices around 112 CE
  • Josephus mentions John the Baptist and James, Jesus’ brother (*Antiquities* 20.200)
• Context
  • Roman persecution (e.g., Nero, 64 CE) and Jewish-Christian tensions align with Acts and Paul’s letters.

Explore Early Christianity

• Top Ten Discoveries in Biblical Archaeology Relating to the New Testament
• Erastus Inscription
• Tacitus on Jesus
• Pliny the Younger on Christians
• Dura-Europos church

---

Conclusion: Trust Built on Evidence

In the 19th century, many critics dismissed the Bible’s references to ancient people groups and cities as mythological. Yet archaeology has since confirmed the existence of the Hittites, Edomites, Horites, and many others—quieting much of that skepticism.

Two respected 20th-century archaeologists, William F. Albright and Nelson Glueck—both from non-Christian backgrounds—recognized the Bible as the most reliable historical source from the ancient world.

“The Bible has become a significant source book for secular archaeology… Unlike other scriptures, the biblical record is set in real history—open to testing and verification.”

So, does history support the Bible’s account of real people and events? The growing body of archaeological and historical evidence points strongly in that direction. While faith goes beyond facts alone, it is not disconnected from them. In fact, the credibility of the Bible’s historical framework offers a solid foundation for trusting its deeper claims. For those who are skeptical, this evidence invites a fresh look at the Bible—not just as a spiritual book, but as a historically grounded and trustworthy source of truth.

---

➡️ Coming Next: Part 3 – Prophecy and Internal Consistency
In the next post, we’ll explore how fulfilled prophecy and the Bible’s internal harmony further support its reliability.

If this topic resonates with you or raises questions, feel free to leave a comment below. And if you’d like to follow the rest of this series, subscribe to be notified when new posts are published on Hope Through Truth. Let’s continue pursuing truth together.